Compare and contrast the concepts of conformity and obedience

Submission can be named as a demonstration wherein one reacts or holds fast to specific guidelines from a more significant position authority without addressing. Thus, compliance permits people to adhere to rules and guidelines according to by-laws inside society, school, homes and other social spots. On the other hand, similarity is acting in understanding to the longing of others in a gathering to abstain from being viewed as an outsider (Sloan et al., 2009).Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on Compare and difference the ideas of congruity and compliance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparison Both attributes are sociological standards portrayed by people in the public arena. In the two cases, an individual must change their conduct to compare to the interest of the predominant gathering (Sloan et al, 2009). As indicated by social therapists, the nearness of these attributes in the public arena upgrades common and quiet conjunctio n. In addition, individuals utilize the attributes to look for comfort and defeat the results got from disavowal and noncompliance. For this situation, acquiescence encourages one to evade discipline while similarity keeps one off from unsavory sentiment of lack of interest (Sloan et al, 2009). These characteristics control conduct of individuals in the general public by guaranteeing that individual viewpoints don't move cultural standards. For example, when one neglects to obey or comply with a gathering standard, they are objected thus feel as pariahs. Clearly, these qualities include absolute consistence to what exactly is seen as right in a gathering, Contrast despite the way that the two attributes are important and imperative in examining conduct, they are pervasive in one way or the other among gatherings. For this situation, there exist dependable contrasts in the two angles (Sloan et al, 2009). Nonetheless, the two ideas are much of the time confounded as they practically m ean something very similar. As per clinicians, similarity includes respecting gathering and companion pressures (McCloskey, Berman, 2003). Consequently, an individual is constrained to act with a particular goal in mind so as to satisfy his friends. Similarity comes out of an individual will to cause a social gathering to feel cheerful. Then again, dutifulness is a demonstration of following up on guidelines in the ideal way. Compliance lines up with power from predominant figure, for example, guardians, instructors or directors. Prominently, an individual complies with so as to defeat unsavory effects, for example, disciplines. All things considered, similarity is out of individual decision and it is deliberate to fit in a specific social gathering (McCloskey, Berman, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Exclusively, compliance occurs because of minority persuading th e dominant part while in transit to work out specific issues (Sloan et al, 2009). Rather than this, congruity includes the minority being impacted by the dominant part see. Respectful has a particular interest in the midst of congruity whose requests are certain. Break down an old style study concerning the impact of gathering effect on the self Social gatherings can possibly impact people’s conduct and their elevations. Sociologists affirm that, social impacts influence companions or individuals in a similar gathering through congruity. Exact exploration concentrates regarding this matter uncover that people are probably going to lose their personality so as to fit in with wants of others in a social gathering. As of now referenced, the last case is for the most part basic where people have a place in explicit gatherings that have been framed to complete novel capacities. most cases, individuals use similarity as an apparatus of upgrading quiet and important concurrence in t he public eye since it was viewed as a perfect worth copying (McCloskey Berman, 2003). Besides, social similarity may lead a person into dishonest and unsuitable standards of conduct and as are ruin the notoriety of the influenced individual. It is against this setting social impacting organizations like schools and places of worship will in general adversely change or impact individuals’ character prompting forswearing of individual personality (Sloan et al., 2009). A relative report done on social gatherings outlined that individual inclination and activities are profoundly reliant on social weight. It is clear that person is a social animal who looks for readiness for comfort and to upgrade belongingness. Despite the fact that individuals have alternate points of view toward specific characters, dominant part have fit in with undesired qualities to maintain a strategic distance from dissatisfaction from associates just as companions (Sloan et al., 2009). A genuine model is whereby youngsters have reveled into tranquilize misuse and extramarital perversion on the grounds that their companions are likewise doing likewise. A few people feel disregarded henceforth and thus, they wind up participating in negative behavior patterns in opposition to the desires for the set up settings. A few people would change their own characters because of the proceeded with change of social institutions.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on Compare and complexity the ideas of congruity and compliance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, submission might be tested by people who feel that they are either dismissed or less significant in the public arena or by the individuals who face extraordinary weight from power. In the last case, it might occur because of the way that such individuals have no other alternative to haul themselves out. This infers similarity and compliance can demolish the self of a person as in bo th of these attributes may incredibly affect people in any case. Investigate a contemporary case of the impact that gathering impact has on the self There are a few contemporary and up and coming issues that are because of gathering impact to oneself (McCloskey Berman, 2003). As per the review study directed in higher instructive organizations, it is apparent that students’ practices have been to a great extent controlled by peer bunch impacts. For example, notice that strikes and brutal acts have gotten uncontrolled in secondary schools and higher learning organizations. An exact exploration led on some the fundamental reasons for this forceful demeanor towards power uncovered that friend impact in these learning organizations is at fault (McCloskey Berman, 2003). Obviously, According to social therapists, it is apparent that social impact assumes a crucial job in deciding conduct of understudies in schools. This suggests, there are inspiration factors that quicken aberrance in ought to be destroyed. This will guarantee that, understudies just adjust to suitable standards and practices inside the foundations and to the ideal way (McCloskey, Berman, 2003). Investigate the individual and cultural impacts that lead some to stray from predominant cultural standards Individuals and society impact each other for different reasons (Bourgeis, Sommer Bruno, 2009). As a rule, the connection and impact is shown to guarantee important food, exactness and control. As per scientists, it is clear that with common presence, both the general public and people impact each other socially. It is obvious that there is consistently an explanation regarding why an individual or society frequently surrenders to social impact. Most Studies on congruity and submission have uncovered that any type of adjustment to social impact can prompt deviation from the prevailing cultural standards (Bourgeis, Sommer Bruno, 2009). This typically happens when a predominant gathering, be it th e general public or a person with degenerate conduct, challenges the opponent.Advertising Searching for research paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Inevitably, the adversary succumbs to the assessment of the predominant gathering to conquer dismissal nearby boosting their regard. Undoubtedly, this might be a confused situation in an offer to get congruity and submission. As indicated by social therapists, a gathering of individuals may have a shared objective or plan to accomplish. It is basic to take note of that not all sentiments, points or destinations might be acknowledged to be ethically right bearing in minds that there are the individuals who may choose to veer off from the typical standards recommended by the very society they live in (Bourgeois, Sommer Bruno, 2009). Now, the general public as the predominant party will look to win people to comply with their musings, sentiments and viewpoints. Overwhelmingly, the minor party will be constrained to comply with the perspective on the general public without thinking about their enthusiastic and relational effects. Then again an individual can impact a gathering or society into positive social wonders, for example, acquiescence and consistence to moral morals (Bourgeis, Sommer Bruno, 2009). By the by, loss of impact or capacity to impact can cause shiftiness and aberrance from the gathering or the general public. Proof uncovers that when there is inability to impact a person to the ideal objective this causes abhorrence, dismissal and degenerate acts develop against the socially acknowledged morals (Bourgeis, Sommer Bruno, 2009). In summarizing, emphasize that similarity and submission are firmly related terms in spite of the fact that they immensely vary both in importance and application since both of then are inherent sociological standards. References Bourgeis, J., Sommer, K. Bruno, S. (2009). What do we escape impacting others? Social impact, 4 (2), 96â€121. McCloskey, S. Berman, E. (2003). Liquor inebriation and self-forceful conduct. Diary of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 306-311. Sloan, A. et al. (2009).Group Influences on Self-Aggression: Con formity and Dissenter Effects. Diary of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(5), 535-553. This examination paper on Compare and complexity the conce

CRIMINAL JUSTICE Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CRIMINAL JUSTICE - Term Paper Example II. It is likewise critical to comprehend the possibility of casualty in relationship to a loathe wrongdoing.. A. As indicated by Altheide and Coyle (2006) â€Å"Victims are nevertheless the individual side of emergency; an emergency is the place casualties dwell. An individual emergency may influence ‘one victim’, however more by and large ‘crisis’ alludes to ‘social crisis’, including various individuals. All occur in a period of dread. The entirety of this necessitates residents have data and consistent tokens of the traps and risks of life, regardless of whether potential or realized† (p. 289). B. The Anti-Hate Crime Movement started during the 1960s, however it has taken a very long time to make it an applicable social issue (Jenness and Grattet, 2004). III. Also, training about different societies has permitted youngsters to begin seeing the excellence in contrast as opposed to dreading it. A. Perry, Levin, Iganski, Blazak, and Lawr ence (2009) talk about training of youngsters in a globalized world so as to end preferences as a speculation into what's to come. B. The issue is proceeded as instructors are not set up to comprehend or deal with the issues that originate from one-sided harassing and they don't have the foggiest idea how to respond when they see it or are told about it (Perry, Levin, Iganski, Blazak and Lawrence, 2010). ... Despise violations can emerge out of various kinds of partiality including sex, the shade of skin, sexual direction, and political contrasts. Perhaps the best impact over the advancement of loathe for individuals with contrasts from one’s self is through family fabricated abhorrences that occasionally return for some ages. In spite of the fact that despise violations have declined over the most recent couple of decades, there are as yet a disturbing number in the United States. Diminishing the quantity of abhor wrongdoings occurs over ages of diminishing the measure of partiality in families, however different methods of halting them can assist with giving a snappier end to the issues. One of the manners by which the American government has moved toward abhor wrongdoings is through making the criminal offense convey a more profound sentence when it is related or brought about by disdain that depends on social thoughts regarding ordering others. Instructing understudies about t he distinctions of different societies likewise assists with dissuading them from having biased thoughts that may prompt viciousness sometime down the road. Canceling numbness about different societies is an amazing manner by which to move toward the issue of despise wrongdoings. An assessment of despise wrongdoings can assist with understanding why they are as yet happening and to create procedures through which a lower number of them will happen inside the United States. To comprehend what a loathe wrongdoing is first should be done through characterizing the theme. A detest wrongdoing is a wrongdoing that is submitted in light of the fact that one individual loathes something that another individual speaks to them. For instance, the thoughts that somebody has about the Asian culture may incite them to carry out a wrongdoing against somebody who is Asian. Generalizations and profiling are two of the manners by which individuals assess others so as to

Help for Heroes Merchandise Essays

Help for Heroes Merchandise Essays Help for Heroes Merchandise Paper Help for Heroes Merchandise Paper Help for legends have 5 distinct crusades that have been done , these are; pool complex at Headley court, Relative’s houses at Headly Court and Selly Oak emergency clinic, fight back, troop help, battle pressure and the patients government assistance support. They are a national organization situated in England as it were. The Help for Heroes Company are an enrolled UK noble cause, yet in addition have a productive increase, they do precisely what is expressed and all gifts are given to the foundation. In any case, they additionally sell Help for Heroes product, for example, wristbands and so on these go towards the running expense of the organization and to the proprietors. The gift that Help for Heroes have gotten since October 2007 is  £105.377M. Help for Heroes have around 250 workers around the world Help for Heroes is a tertiary business and the motivation behind the business is to assist injured with overhauling people through gifts and raising support, the responsibility for Heroes is an association, possessed by Bryn Parry and Emma Parry. The statement of purpose for Help for Heroes is ‘Help for Heroes bolsters any serviceman or lady who has been either injured in struggle or harmed in preparing since 2001. We are raising a great many pounds to make offices to support their recovery and bolster existing help noble cause to convey the aptitude needed.’ Help for Heroes have a boundless risk, this mean if they somehow managed to stray into the red, they could lose more cash than was placed into the business. Topshop is a British garments retailer, it is known around the world. Topshop is a piece of the Arcadia bunch which is a gathering that possesses a variety of retail outlets. Topshop was established in 1964 by ‘Peter Robinson’s Ltd.’ Topshop has physical and online stores in more than 20 nations. They utilize over 200+ representatives every year. They are an International organization with leader stores in Europe, the Americas and the Middle East. The Topshop in Oxford Street is the world’s biggest style store it is generally around 90,000 square feet and spreads five stories, it pulls in 30,000 clients every day. Topshop is a tertiary organization; the motivation behind the business is to offer trendy garments and accomplices to the more youthful age gathering (15-25). Topshop is an organization claimed by the Arcadia gathering so it’s a PLC.

How Management Impact On National Voluntary Organization - 275 Words

Discuss How Management Impact On The National Voluntary Organization (Essay Sample) Content: ManagementStudent:Professor:University:Date:Before the establishment of an official National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (NVOAD) organization in 1970, both the religious communities and non-profit organizations were concerned with disaster response, (Odowa and Pelton, 2011). They were primarily responsible for providing direct relief after the disaster as well as longer-term recovery through micro-grants throughout the world, ((Odowa and Pelton, 2011). The philanthropic acts of responding to the needs of the people affected by disaster came from two sources. These included the human affiliation and the guidance provided by the highest spiritual values from major religions.However, the guidance outlines set by Inter Actions to avoid conflicts between religious and relief missions always affected the way religious organization responds to a major disaster in various ways. This is as a result of altering how religious organizations were responding to disa sters occurrence. According to Egan Tischle, (2010), the religious organizations could help the disaster victim haphazardly and in specific ways. They over-relied on guidance by the spirit and finances, but not necessarily in response to demand from disaster victims. For instance, since religious organizations only focus on disaster relief and long-term recovery, the Inter Action guidelines promote broadly based participatory forum for professional consultation. In addition, it sets standards of the highest ethics.In general, the InterActions guidelines standards are viewed to be similar in many ways to those required by military personnel conducting relief operations, (Singer, 2006). This is because for every humanitarian agencies are guided by the impartial guidelines which are very useful in helping the suffering civilians. The guidelines are applicable for both military and non military engaged in providing relief to disaster victims. Furthermore, the majority of the humanitari ans work to alleviate suffering along with complex emergencies and unconventional crises, and they need military support to do their job.Lastly, guidelines to relief o...

A Fundamental Analysis Of Mrf Tyres Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1287 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The fundamental analysis of any stock generally begins from a macro-economic perspective and then moves down to the specific sector and finally narrowing down to the company analysis. The stock for fundamental analysis is MRF Tyres. The analysis will follow given below steps: Economic Analysis During the current global crisis, all the countries had suffered large amount of losses. As a result of which, all had registered a fall in GDP growth rate. However, India and China are the only two countries to register a positive rate even in this global meltdown scenario. At present, the economies are on the verge of a recovery and the recession seems to be a thing of near past. Now, India has a better chance to recover better than other countries due to its isolation from the global crisis for a relatively long period of time as well as the relatively less losses suffered unlike that of the European nation or for that matter even the USA. The following table describes the key factors indicating Indian economic growth: Head 2009-10 2008-09 GDP Growth Rate 8.6% 5.8% IIP 17.6% 1.1% Inflation 9.6% 1.3% Fiscal Deficit Rs 53993 Cr Rs. 54158 Cr FIIs $ 66.5 Bn $21.3 Bn Forex Reserves $ 279.6 Bn $ 251.7 Bn Sensex on Ju ly End 17868 14645 Nifty on July End 5367 4340 Clearly from above data, we can observe that the economy is on the verge of recovery and it is showing promising signs. An important factor to consider here is that, where all nations are fighting to remove deflation and accelerate growth, India on the other hand is trying to curb inflation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Fundamental Analysis Of Mrf Tyres Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Sector Analysis The automotive sector had witnessed a large fall in demand due to the global meltdown. Apart from this, the fall of auto giants like the General Motors, Chrysler and Ford also acted as a damper for the growth of this sector. As a result of this, many companies which were directly or indirectly related faced huge amount of losses. Typically, Indian automotive sector which was on its way to be an automotive hub hit badly since it was in its nascent stages wherein huge investments were done and the recession during the payback period made companies go haywire. Following table will describe Indias position in this sector: India Indias Competitiveness Availability of Qualified Engineers USA Germany China The fact that India has large pool of talent available at a relatively low cost is as an added advantage for this sector. Apart from this, this sector is composed of big Indian players like the TATA, Maruti, Mahindra and many such more. Presently, the launch of Tata Nano has received worldwide attention and marked the importance of India in this sector. Some of the major auto players in India are: Name Last Price Market Cap. (Rs. cr.) Sales Turnover Net Profit Total Assets Tata Motors 846.35 48,292.73 35,593.05 2,240.08 25,559.83 Ashok Leyland 70.95 9,438.75 7,244.71 423.68 5,936.76 Tata Motors (D) 604.75 3,881.02 Eicher Motors 984.10 2,634.20 378.01 37.53 413.30 Swaraj Mazda 298.25 431.62 716.76 21.46 316.81 Maruti Suzuki 1198.6 34628.76 29623.01 2497.62 10043.80 Mahindra Mahindra 661.50 38263.44 13093.68 836.78 10710.38 Due to all these reasons, The Government of India (GoI) has identified the automotive sector as a key focus area for improving Indias global competitiveness and achieving high economic growth. The Government formulated the Auto Policy for India with a vision to establish a globally competitive industry in India and to double its contribution to the economy by 2010. It intends to promote Research Development in automotive industry by strengthening the efforts of industry in this direction by providing suitable fiscal and financial incentives. Company Analysis Introduction MRF is India`s largest tyre manufacturer, having a 22% market share. The company derives over 95% of its revenues from its core business i.e. tyres, the rest comes from its presence in toys and paints. This focus on tyres has enabled it to constantly increase capacities, and maintain market leadership and profitability in most segments. MRF exports its products to over 75 countries. Credit rating agency, CARE has assigned a AA+ rating to the Long-term Bank Facilities of MRF (MRF). This rating is applicable for facilities having tenure of over one year. The company signed the memorandum of understanding (MoU) with government of Tamil Nadu for the new MRF plant to be located at Perambulur, Trichy and also for expansion of its existing plants in Tamil Nadu. This will be MRF`s third plant to be established in Tamil Nadu. MRF will invest Rs 1.25 billion in production facility of the tyres the product is produced after three years of in house research. The production will start at its Me dak facility in Andhra Pradesh. The companys Net sales and PAT are expected to grow at a CAGR of 11% and 32% over FY08 to FY11E. Key Ratios Particulars FY08(12 m) FY09E(12 m) FY10E(12 m) OPM (%) 13 13 13 NPM (%) 4 5 5 ROE (%) 19 18 17 ROCE (%) 19 19 18 P/BV(x) 1.88 1.54 1.28 P/E(x) 10.12 8.49 7.72 EV/EBDITA(x) 1.03 3.42 3.38 Debt-Equity ratio 0.78 0.70 0.64 Key Data Sector Auto Tyres Face Value 10.00 52 wk. High 8040.00 52 wk Low 4126 BSE Code 500290 Moving Average Values Moving Days BSE NSE 30 7699.81 7712.13 50 7550.59 7561.96 150 6819.38 6843.95 200 6587.57 6617.71 Peer Group Comparison The sector comprises of foreign as well as domestic players and hence represents a typical competitive market. The following table describes the typical values of these competitors: Name Last Price Market Cap. (Rs. cr.) Sales Turnover Net Profit Total Assets MRF 7,329.55 3,108.57 5,672.84 253.03 1,654.21 Apollo Tyres 63.90 3,220.72 5,036.80 414.99 2,859.55 Balkrishna Ind 669.00 1,293.29 1,394.30 208.73 940.64 JK Tyre Ind 164.60 675.84 3,691.64 163.47 1,553.60 Ceat 134.00 458.86 2,830.61 161.03 1,058.11 PTL Enterprise 34.00 225.04 25.00 2.97 90.02 TVS Srichakra 279.05 213.67 706.39 29.82 222.18 Elgi Rubber 8.40 89.88 62.01 4.25 84.63 Financials Following tables show the performance of MRF for the past 5 years, this can be used to estimate future earnings of the stock so as to perform fundamental analysis. The Balance Sheet for MRF is as follows: Balance Sheet of MRF Sep 05 Sep 06 Sep 07 Sep 08 Sep 09 Sources Of Funds      Total Share Capital 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 Reserves 749.81 820.05 981.91 1,116.55 1,357.18 Total Debt 542.9 539.98 607.86 962.19 292.79 Total Liabilities 1,296.95 1,364.27 1,594.01 2,082.98 1,654.21 Application Of Funds      Net Block 536.81 649.67 656.75 866.55 933.56 Capital Work in Progress 151.99 66.26 243.03 443.68 286.24 Investments 13.75 70.23 72.02 68.56 148.57 Inventories 553.56 565.63 693.34 984.28 650.47 Total Current Assets 1,061.63 1,158.02 1,318.14 1,696.39 1,290.10 Total CA, Loans Advances 1,190.10 1,296.82 1,562.93 2,003.71 1,695.98 Total CL Provisions 595.7 718.71 940.72 1,299.52 1,410.14 Net Current Assets 594.4 578.11 622.21 704.19 285.84 Total Assets 1,296.95 1,364.27 1,594.01 2,082.98 1,654.21 The Profit and Loss Statement for MRF is as follows:   PnL for MRF Sep 05 Sep 06 Sep 07 Sep 08 Sep 09 Income      Net Sales 2,975.74 3,746.69 4,410.22 5,060.81 5,679.57 Total Income 3,040.00 3,772.55 4,499.37 5,147.82 5,476.62 Expenditure      Raw Materials 2,179.21 2,685.70 3,124.83 3,645.42 3,613.20 Total Expenses 2,840.98 3,477.81 4,035.76 4,711.96 4,759.90  Operating Profit 175.29 257.83 451.67 438.08 705.43 Interest 32.66 49.27 49.24 66.25 68.92 PBDT 166.36 245.47 414.37 369.61 647.8 Profit Before Tax 56.04 99.81 260.96 200.09 398.48 Reported Net Profit 40.31 79.91 171.78 141.97 256.32 Total Value Addition 661.77 792.11 910.93 1,066.54 1,146.70 Equity Dividend 8.48 8.48 8.48 8.48 10.6 Corporate Dividend Tax 1.19 1.19 1.44 1.44 1.8 Per share data (annualized)      Shares in issue (lakhs) 42.41 42.41 42.41 42.41 42.41 Earnings Per Share (Rs) 95.05 188.42 405.03 334.74 604.37 Equity Dividend (%) 200 200 200 200 250 Book Value (Rs) 1,777.94 1,943.56 2,325.20 2,642.66 3,210.03 The Cash Flow Statement for MRF is as follows:   Cash Flow Sep 05 Sep 06 Sep 07 Sep 08 Sep 09       Net Profit Before Tax 59.52 63.4 260.96 211.39 398.48 Net Cash From Operating Activities 62.05 274.86 306.2 269 862.93 Net Cash (used in)/from -231.55 -227.09 -335.44 -566.29 -233.46 Investing Activities      Net Cash (used in)/from Financing Activities 116.39 -40.5 49.17 326.47 -671.93 Net (decrease)/increase In Cash and Cash Equivalents -53.11 7.27 19.93 29.18 -42.46 Opening Cash Cash Equivalents 111.94 46.03 53.3 73.17 102.35 Closing Cash Cash Equivalents 58.83 53.3 73.23 102.35 59.89 MRF has also been given dividends at the rate of about 250% over the face value of Rs 10 of the stock price. From above financial tables, we have following important data: Head Value D/E ratio 0.71 ROE 17% Cost of Debt 7.14% k 12.9% CAGR 9.5% Now, we can apply dividend discount model to get the present share price P0=D1/ (k-g) As the growth rate is 9.5%, dividend will also grow by same rate, thus share price will be P0 = 250*1.095/ (.129-.095) P0 = 8051.47 Calculated Price Current Market Price Difference 8051.47 7329.55 -8.96% Recommendation From above outlook and conclusion, we can infer that the stock is bound in northern direction. Also the calculated price as per the Dividend Discount Model comes to Rs. 8051.47 while it must be noted that the market price is Rs. 7329.55. This indicates an under pricing of the stock by 8.96%. Therefore, the recommendation for MRF Tyres is BUY We have arrived at this recommendation after indepth analysis of the macro and micro economic factors. The Dividend Discount Model used for arriving at price has mathematical validity and hence is a correct tool for deriving prices. Apart from these, the future situations of the economy, sector and the Company have also been taken into consideration.

Reconstruction Of Post Disaster Reconstruction Projects

Post-disaster reconstruction projects are influenced by administrative, political, social, economic, and cultural settings. The likelihood of success of such projects diminishes if and when systematic recovery plans are absent and the project cost and time overruns. Inadequate relevant policies and legal systems and domination from economically or politically powerful groups/persons in planning and decision making processes further weaken the reconstruction process. Furthermore, ignoring the communication and coordination among stakeholders, boosting unsustainable construction, prioritizing corruption, and hindering transparency lead such projects to a complete failure. Conventional reconstruction focuses mostly on technical or†¦show more content†¦Sustainable reconstruction offers the opportunity to improve the quality of infrastructures, the environment and living conditions in disaster-affected regions. To improve the outcomes of reconstruction, efforts are needed from various angles, ranging from legislation and policy making, capacity building of local communities to updating building codes and enhanced relevant political support. A public-private partnership synergizes the advantages of both public and private sectors in long-term comprehensive partnerships. According to a number of studies, public-private partnership projects have been performed on time and within budget with enhanced sustainability than traditionally procured projects. Adding people in the public-private partnership projects can achieve better value for money and sustainable infrastructure reconstruction. People, in this context, are the major stakeholders in reconstruction that include local communities, academia, professional groups and media. A partnership among public sector, private sector, and people will play an important role in improving the outcomes from post-disaster reconstruction projects. Local communities should be involved from the very beginning in post-disaster planning phase as they can be a source of invaluable local history, culture and customs, as well as their involvement will shade light in the community’s needs and requirements in reconstruction projects. In addition, through such

A Friend for Life free essay sample

Is the recommendation of the marketing vice president legal? Is it ethical? Why or why not? The marketing vice president has recommended that production continue using the substitute fur. While this is not illegal, since there are no laws specifically governing what type of simulated fur is used, it is unethical to delude the public into thinking the product is of high quality when the material is actually of low quality. Especially since the company knows exactly what it is doing in trading away good faith and trust for the sake of profits. Figure 6. 2 is useful in understanding this dilemma. 2. Would it be ethical if the firm used less-expensive simulated fur but did not change its slogan of A Friend for Life and did not tell the buyer about the change in the production process? Why or why not? No, it would not be ethical since the firm had already produced 26,000 bears with the higher quality simulated fur that lasts seven years. We will write a custom essay sample on A Friend for Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The continued production of bears under the same slogan A Friend for Life but with lower-quality simulated fur expected to last only eight months is consumer fraud. Thus, while the legal question may be debated as to the actual fraud, the ethics question is not debatable. This is a prime example of disregard for ethics. 3. If you were advising Paula, what would you recommend? As an adviser to Paula, you should utilize Table 6. 3, which illustrates the various approaches to management ethics. The column dealing with moral management explains the different aspects of ethics concerned with motives, goals, orientation to the law, and strategy. The strategy segment especially applies to Paula in that she must assume a leadership role when ethical dilemmas arise. In dealing with consumers, enlightened self- interest means that by having concern for others (consumers), you are also taking care of yourself (business) in the future. Thus, Paula will find that either full disclosure to the public of the lesser-quality fur (with a slogan change) or absorption of the extra costs associated with the quality fur are the best options for her to choose.

Supply and Demand Essay Example

Supply and Demand Essay chapter: 3 Supply and Demand Krugman/Wells Economics  ©2009 ? Worth Publishers WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER ? ? ? ? ? What a competitive market is and how it is described by the supply and demand model What the demand curve and supply curve are The difference between movements along a curve and shifts of a curve How the supply and demand curves determine a market’s equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity In the case of a shortage or surplus, how price moves the market back to equilibrium 2 of 42 Supply and Demand ? A competitive market: ? ? Many buyers and sellers Same good or service ? ? The supply and demand model is a model of how a competitive market works. Five key elements: ? ? ? ? ? Demand curve Supply curve Demand and supply curve shifts Market equilibrium Changes in the market equilibrium 3 of 42 Demand Schedule ? A demand schedule shows how much of a good or service consumers will want to buy at different prices. Demand Schedule for Coffee Beans Price of coffee beans (per pound) Quantity of coffee beans demanded (billions of pounds) $2. 00 1. 75 7. 1 7. 5 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 8. 1 8. 9 10. 0 11. 5 14. 2 of 42 Demand Curve Price of coffee bean (per gallon) $2. 00 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 A demand curve is the graphical representation of the demand schedule; it shows how much of a good or service consumers want to buy at any given price. As price rises, the quantity demanded falls Demand curve, D 0 7 9 11 13 15 17 Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) 5 of 42 GLOBAL COMPARISON Pay Mor e, Pump Less†¦ ? Price of gasoline (per gallon) Germany Because of high taxes, gasoline and diesel fuel are more than twice as expensive in most European countries as in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply and Demand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supply and Demand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supply and Demand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to the law of demand, Europeans should buy less gasoline than Americans, and they do: Europeans consume less than half as much fuel as Americans, mainly because they drive smaller cars with better mileage. $8 7 6 United Kingdom Italy France Spain ? 5 4 3 Japan Canada United States 0. 2 0. 6 1. 0 1. 4 0 Consumption of gasoline (gallons per day per capita) 6 of 42 An Increase in Demand ? ? An increase in the population and other factors generate an increase in demand – a rise in the quantity demanded at any given price. This is represented by the two demand schedules one showing demand in 2002, before the rise in population, the other showing demand in 2006, after the rise in population. Demand Schedules for Coffee Beans Quantity of coffee beans demanded (billions of pounds) Price of coffee beans (per pound) in 2002 in 2006 $2. 00 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 7. 1 7. 5 8. 1 8. 9 10. 0 11. 5 14. 2 8. 5 9. 0 9. 7 10. 7 12. 0 13. 8 17. 0 7 of 42 An Increase in Demand Price of coffee beans (per gallon) $2. 00 Increase in population ? more coffee drinkers 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 0 Demand curve in 2006 Demand curve in 2002 7 9 11 13 D 1 D 17 2 15 Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) A shift of the demand curve is a change in the quantity demanded at any given price, represented by the change of the original demand curve to a new position, denoted by a new demand curve. 8 of 42 Movement Along the Demand Curve Price of coffee beans (per gallon) $2. 00 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 A C †¦ is not the same thing as a movement along the demand curve B A shift of the demand curve†¦ A movement along the demand curve is a change in the quantity demanded of a good that is the result of a change in that good’s price. 1. 00 0. 75 . 50 D 7 8. 1 9. 7 10 13 1 D 17 2 0 15 Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) 9 of 42 Shifts of the Demand Curve Price Increase in demand An â€Å"increase in demand† A â€Å"decrease in demand†, means a leftward shift of rightward shift of the demand curve: at any given price, consumers demand a smaller quantity larger quantity than before. (D1? D3) (D1? D2) Decrease in demand D 3 D 1 D 2 Quantity 10 of 42 What Causes a Demand Curve to Shift? ? Changes in the Prices of Related Goods ? Substitutes: Two goods are substitutes if a fall in the price of one of the goods makes consumers less willing to buy the other good. Complements: Two goods are complements if a fall in the price of one good makes people more willing to buy the other good. ? 11 of 42 What Causes a Demand Curve to Shift? ? Changes in Income ? ? Normal Goods: When a rise in income increases the demand for a good the normal case we say that the good is a normal good. Inferior Goods: When a rise in income decreases the demand for a good, it is an inferior good. ? ? Changes in Tastes Changes in Expectations 12 of 42 Individual Demand Curve and the Market Demand Curve The market demand curve is the horizontal sum of the individual demand curves of all consumers in that market. (a) (b) (c) Darla’s Individual Demand Curve Price of coffee beans (per pound) Price of coffee beans (per pound) Dino’s Individual Demand Curve Price of coffee beans (per pound) Market Demand Curve $2 $2 $2 DMarket 1 1 1 DDarla DDino 0 20 30 Quantity of coffee beans (pounds) 0 10 20 Quantity of coffee beans (pounds) 0 30 40 50 Quantity of coffee beans (pounds) 13 of 42 Supply Schedule ? A supply schedule shows how much of a good or service would be supplied at different prices. Supply Schedule for Coffee Beans Price of coffee beans (per pound) Quantity of coffee beans supplied (billions of pounds) $2. 00 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 11. 6 11. 5 11. 2 10. 7 10. 0 9. 1 8. 0 14 of 42 Supply Curve Price of coffee beans (per pound) Supply curve, S $2. 00 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 0 7 9 11 13 A supply curve shows graphically how much of a good or service people are willing to sell at any given price. As price rises, the quantity supplied rises. 15 17 Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) 15 of 42 An Increase in Supply ? ? The entry of Vietnam Supply Schedule for Coffee Beans into the coffee bean Quantity of beans supplied Price of business generated coffee beans (billions of pounds) an increase in (per pound) Before entry After entry supply—a rise in the quantity supplied at $2. 00 11. 6 13. 9 any given price. 1. 75 11. 5 13. 8 This event is 1. 50 11. 2 13. 4 represented by the 1. 25 10. 7 12. 8 two supply schedules—one 1. 00 10. 0 12. 0 showing supply before 0. 75 9. 1 10. 9 Vietnam’s entry, the 0. 50 8. 0 9. 6 other showing supply after Vietnam came in. 16 of 42 An Increase in Supply Price of coffee beans (per pound) S $2. 0 1 S 2 Vietnam enters coffee bean business ? more coffee producers 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 0 7 A movement along the supply curve†¦ †¦ is not the same thing as a shift of the supply curve 9 11 13 15 17 Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) A shift of the supply curve is a change in the quantity supplied of a good at any given pric e. 17 of 42 Movement Along the Supply Curve Price of coffee beans (per pound) $2. 00 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 0 7 10 11. 2 12 A C †¦ is not the same thing as a shift of the supply curve 15 17 A movement along the supply curve†¦ S 1 S 2 B Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) A movement along the supply curve is a change in the quantity supplied of a good that is the result of a change in that good’s price. 18 of 42 Shifts of the Supply Curve Price S 3 S 1 S 2 Increase in supply Any â€Å"increase in â€Å"decrease in supply† means a leftward shift of the rightward shift of the supply curve: at any given price, there is an a decrease in the increase in the quantity supplied. (S1? S2) S3) Decrease in supply Quantity 19 of 42 What Causes a Supply Curve to Shift? ? ? ? ? ? Changes in input prices ? An input is a good that is used to produce another good. Changes in the prices of related goods and services Changes in technology Changes in expectations Changes in the number of producers 20 of 42 Individual Supply Curve and the Market Supply Curve The market supply curve is the horizontal sum of the individual supply curves of all firms in that market. (a) Price of coffee beans (per pound) (b) Price of coffee beans (per pound) (c) Market Supply Curve Price of coffee beans (per pound) Mr. Figueroa’s Individual Supply Curve SFigueroa Mr. Bien Pho’s Individual Supply Curve S Pho Bien $2 $2 $2 S Market 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 Quantity of coffee beans (pounds) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity of coffee beans (pounds) Quantity of coffee beans (pounds) 21 of 42 Supply, Demand and Equilibrium ? Equilibrium in a competitive market: when the quantity demanded of a good equals the quantity supplied of that good. The price at which this takes place is the equilibrium price (a. k. a. market-clearing price): ? ? Every buyer finds a seller and vice versa. The quantity of the good bought and sold at that price is the equilibrium quantity. ? 22 of 42 Market Equilibrium Price of coffee beans (per pound) Supply 2. 00 1. 75 1. 50 1. 25 Market equilibrium occurs at point E, where the supply curve and the demand curve intersect. Equilibrium price 1. 00 0. 75 E Equilibrium 0. 50 0 7 10 Equilibrium quantity 13 Demand 15 17 Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) 23 of 42 Surplus Price of coffee beans (per pound) Supply $2. 00 1. 75 Surplus 1. 50 1. 25 1. 00 0. 75 E There is a surplus of a good when the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. Surpluses occur when the price is above its equilibrium level. 0. 50 0 7 8. 1 10 11. 2 13 Demand 15 17 Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) Quantity demanded Quantity supplied 24 of 42 Shortage Price of coffee beans (per pound) $2. 00 1. 75 Supply 1. 50 1. 25 There is a shortage of a good when the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. Shortages occur when the price is below its equilibrium level. 1. 00 0. 75 E 0. 50 0 7 9. 1 Shortage Demand 13 15 17 Quantity of coffee beans (billions of pounds) 10 11. 5 Quantity supplied Quantity demanded 25 of 42 >ECONOMICS IN ACTION The Price of Admission: †¢ Compare the box office price for a recent Justin Timberlake concert in Miami, Florida, to the StubHub. com price for seats in the same location: $88. 0 versus $155. †¢ Why is there such a big difference in prices? For major events, buying tickets from the box office means waiting in very long lines. Ticket buyers who use Internet resellers have decided that the opportunity cost of their time is too high to spend waiting in line. For those major events with online box offices selling tickets at face value, tick ets often sell out within minutes. †¢ In this case, some people who want to go to the concert badly but have missed out on the opportunity to buy cheaper tickets from the online box office are willing to pay the higher Internet reseller price. 6 of 42 Equilibrium and Shifts of the Demand Curve Price of coffee beans An increase in demand†¦ Supply E P 2 2 Price rises E P 1 1 †¦ leads to a movement along the supply curve due to a higher equilibrium price and higher equilibrium quantity D 2 D 1 Q 1 Q 2 Quantity of coffee beans Quantity rises 27 of 42 Equilibrium and Shifts of the Supply Curve Price of coffee beans S 2 S 1 A decrease in supply†¦ P Price rises E 2 2 †¦ leads to a movement along the demand curve due to a higher equilibrium price and lower equilibrium quantity P 1 E1 Demand Q 2 Q 1 Quantity of coffee beans Quantity falls 28 of 42 Technology Shifts of the Supply Curve Price An increase in supply †¦ S1 S2 †¦ leads to a movement along the demand curve to a lower equilibrium price and higher equilibrium quantity. E1 Price falls P1 P2 E2 Technological innovation: In the early 1970s, engineers learned how to put microscopic electronic components onto a silicon chip; progress in the technique has allowed ever more components to be put on each chip. Demand Q 1 Q 2 Quantity Quantity increases 29 of 42 Simultaneous Shifts of Supply and Demand (a) One possible outcome: Price Rises, Quantity Rises Price of coffee Small decrease in supply S 2 S 1 E P 2 2 The opposing forces Two increase in demand dominates the determining the decrease in supply. equilibrium quantity. E P 1 1 D D 1 Large increase in demand Q 1 Q2 2 Quantity of coffee 30 of 42 Simultaneous Shifts of Supply and Demand (b) Another Possibility Outcome: Price Rises, Quantity Falls Price of coffee Large decrease in supply S 2 S 1 E P 2 2 Two opposing forces determining the equilibrium quantity. E P 1 1 Small increase in demand D D 2 1 Q 2 Q 1 Quantity of coffee 31 of 42 Simultaneous Shifts of Supply and Demand We can make the following predictions about the outcome when the supply and demand curves shift simultaneously: Simultaneous Shifts of Supply and Demand Demand Increases Demand Decreases Supply Increases Supply Decreases Price: ambiguous Quantity: up Price: up Quantity: ambiguous Price: down Price: ambiguous Quantity: ambiguous Quantity: down 32 of 42 FOR INQUIRING MINDS Your Turn on the Runway: An Exercise of Supply, Demand and Supermodels ? The ease of transmitting photos over the Internet and the relatively low cost of international travel ? beautiful young women from all over the world, eagerly trying to make it as models = influx of aspiring models from around the world In addition the tastes of many of those who hire models have changed ? hey prefer celebrities What happened to the equilibrium price of a young (not a celebrity) fashion model? Use your supply and demand curves to determine the salaries of â€Å"America’s Next Best Models†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 33 of 42 ? ? FOR INQUIRING MINDS Another Example: Supply, Demand and Controlled Substances Price S2 S1 E2 P2 Price rises P1 E1 Howe ver, we can see The equilibrium by comparing the price has risen from original equilibrium E1 P1 to P2, and this with â€Å"war on The the new drugs† induces suppliers to equilibrium E2 that the provide drugs shifts the supply actual reduction in the despite the left. curve tothe risks. uantity of drugs supplied is much smaller than the shift of the supply curve. Demand Q2 Q1 Quantity Quantity falls 34 of 42 >ECONOMICS IN ACTION The Great Tortilla Crises: †¢ A sharp rise in the price of tortillas, a staple food of Mexico’s poor, which had gone from 25 cents a pound to between 35 and 45 cents a pound in just a few months in early 2007. Why were tortilla prices soaring? †¢ It was a classic example of what happens to equilibrium prices when supply falls. Tortillas are made from corn; much of Mexico’s corn is imported from the United States, with the price of corn in both countries basically set in the U. S. corn market. And U. S. corn prices were rising rapidly thanks to surging demand in a new market: the market for ethanol. 35 of 42 Demand and Supply Shifts at Work in the Global Economy ? A recent drought in Australia reduced the amount of grass on which Australian dairy cows could feed, thus limiting the amount of milk these cows produced for export. At the same time, a new tax levied by the government of Argentina raised the price of the milk the country exported, thereby decreasing Argentine milk sales worldwide. These two developments produced a supply shortage in the world market, which dairy farmers in Europe couldn’t fill because of strict production quotas set by the European Union. ? ? 36 of 42 Demand and Supply Shifts at Work in the Global Economy ? In China, meanwhile, demand for milk and milk products increased, as rising income levels drove higher per-capita consumption. All these occurrences resulted in a strong upward pressure on the price of milk everywhere in 2007. ? 37 of 42 SUMMARY 1. The supply and demand model illustrates how a competitive market works. 2. The demand schedule shows the quantity demanded at each price and is represented graphically by a demand curve. The law of demand says that demand curves slope downward. 3. A movement along the demand curve occurs when a price change leads to a change in the quantity demanded. When economists talk of increasing or decreasing demand, they mean shifts of the demand curve—a change in the quantity demanded at any given price. 38 of 42 SUMMARY 4. There are five main factors that shift the demand curve: †¢ A change in the prices of related goods or services †¢ A change in income †¢ A hange in tastes †¢ A change in expectations †¢ A change in the number of consumers 5. The market demand curve for a good or service is the horizontal sum of the individual demand curves of all consumers in the market. 6. The supply schedule shows the quantity supplied at each price and is represented graphically by a supply curve. Supply curves usually slope upward. 39 of 42 SUM MARY 7. A movement along the supply curve occurs when a price change leads to a change in the quantity supplied. When economists talk of increasing or decreasing supply, they mean shifts of the supply curve—a change in the quantity supplied at any given price. 8. There are five main factors that shift the supply curve: †¢ A change in input prices †¢ A change in the prices of related goods and services †¢ A change in technology †¢ A change in expectations †¢ A change in the number of producers 9. The market supply curve for a good or service is the horizontal sum of the individual supply curves of all producers in the market. 40 of 42 SUMMARY 10. The supply and demand model is based on the principle that the price in a market moves to its equilibrium price, or market-clearing price, the price at which the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. This quantity is the equilibrium quantity. When the price is above its market-clearing level, there is a surplus that pushes the price down. When the price is below its market-clearing level, there is a shortage that pushes the price up. 11. An increase in demand increases both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity; a decrease in demand has the opposite effect. An increase in supply reduces the equilibrium price and increases the equilibrium quantity; a decrease in supply has the opposite effect. 12. Shifts of the demand curve and the supply curve can happen simultaneously. 41 of 42 The End of Chapter 3 Coming attraction Chapter 4: The Market Strikes Back 42 of 42

Starship Troopers essays

Starship Troopers essays Throughout history, humans have thought of ways to improve the many types of technology. Not only has technology created many differences between the lifestyle of each generation to that of the next, but it has changed the way the world views gender relations. Through the movies Starship Troopers and The Lonely, each film demonstrates their perspective on technology and how technology can establish the equality between men and women. The positive use of technology is seen throughout the movie Starship Troopers. In the beginning of the movie, Johnny Rico and his girlfriend, Carmen Ibanez checks their math scores on a virtual scoreboard. A person is able to view their grade by submitting a password and the grade immediately shows up on a screen. This type of technology is well before its time - especially in schools. Upon graduating high school, Rico volunteers for the Mobile Infantry to fulfill his Federal Service. Far from having patriotic motives, Rico has joined the infantry to win the heart of Carmen, who has signed up for the Fleet Academy to become a starship pilot. In the Mobile Infantry and Fleet Academy, technology is at its prime. The guns that the infantry uses are laser equipped. In an infantry targeting exercise, real laser fires from dummy soldiers striking many soldiers. Some of the infantry high-tech weapons include a nuclear missile that can be fired in a bazooka-like canon. Besides that, the entire Fleet Academy is based in space. Even now, there are no space stations of that size orbiting the Earth - let alone an Academy hosting thousands of soldiers. The space ships in the Academy are large and heavily equipped. Never has a ship that colossal ever been sent up in space. Not only are they just large, they are very high-tech as well. Each mother ship has afterburners that are used to escape asteroids or other harmful obstacles. In the middle of the movie, there is a scene where all the mother ships were flying ...

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Porn and Censorship - 15240 Words

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Regardless, the porn industry does have a proven negative impact on relationship commitment, of bedroom expectations and body image, and can further become an addictive practice for some individuals. Censorship plays a major role in the pornography industry, as with any media outlet, it needs to be regulated. It can be defined as the control of the information andRead MoreA Comparative Study Between Chinese Consumers And Non Consumers Opinions Towards Pornography717 Words   |  3 PagesNon-consumers’ opinions towards pornography. Society is increasingly sexualizing women bodies in advertising and porn is now a large industry. It is estimated that many young men watch or view porn in magazines or online, but there is little information on women’s use of porn although there is an small industry catering to women’s needs. So I want to find out what you think about porn and how you might use it and what it means to you. 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The question on many people’s minds is: Should the web be censored? This author believes it is the sole responsibility of the user, to protect themselves from un-desirable material on the web. However when it comes to child abuseRead MoreEssay about Internet Pornography Censorship vs Free Speech1671 Words   |  7 Pagesin censoring it, especially when it comes to pornography, or cyberporn, as it is more commonly referred to when it is displayed on the Internet. Should cyberporn be censored? If so, who is responsible, parents or the government? Is Internet censorship the solution, or a violation of the first amendment? The citizens of a democracy must make these kinds of decisions while simultaneously maintaining freedom and responsibility on the Internet. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM Pornography on the InternetRead More Internet Censorship Essay example1506 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship of the Internet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should demand that all public schools and libraries install and configure Internet Filters. This statement shows how Jeffery Pollock, a candidate for the 3rd Congressional District seat in Oregon, views the Internet. Unfortunately for him, the one thing that he ranted and raved about was the one thing that gave him an unfair disadvantage in the in the upcoming elections. (Blind Ballots) Cyber Patrol, One of the leading Internet censoring companies and isRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Censorship Presently, it seems that the Internet is playing a very important role in everyones daily life. This multipurpose network has many different functions useful for everyday work and entertainment. Due to the freedom of the Internet various debates and protests have come to disagree with its open form of communication. Because of the misuse of the internet many people believe that there should be some kind of internet censorship, while others are against internet censorshipRead MorePornography In The Media1532 Words   |  7 Pagesphotographs, and pornographic actors or porn stars, who perform in pornographic films. If dramatic skills are not involved, a performer in a porn film may also be called a model. Various groups within society have considered depictions of a sexual nature immoral, addictive, and noxious, labeling them pornographic, and attempting to have them suppressed under obscenity and other laws, with varying degrees of success. Such works have also often been subject to censorship and other legal restraints to publication